In the era of the Emperor Monmu (701-704), government-operated stock farms were established here and there in the center of the present metropolis. The area from Waseda to Toyama thronged with roaming cows and, therefore, called ‘Ushigome’ (cow throngs). The area of this shrine was also cow ranches. In the dairy farm, there was established a dispensary where cows were reared on the floor for a period and unproductive old cows or sick cows were sorted out.
Ushigome-mon Gate was located between the Ushigome-bori and Iida-bori Moats. A weir was constructed under Ushigome Gate in order to protect the earthen bridge that dammed the water in Ushigome-bori Moat and control the water level. When JR Iidabashi Station’s platform was relocated in 2017, remnants of stone paving believed to comprise a portion of the weir was discovered for the first time anywhere in the outer moat area. Photographs from the Meiji period contain images of the weir’s outfall and the sections of stone paving uncovered at the site are thought to have comprised a portion of the aqueduct located immediately in front of the outfall. Currently, the section of stone paving discovered is 2017 is preserved in its original location directly under the train platform. A portion of the platform’s surface has been modified in order to express the scope of the area that was covered by the stone paving. In addition, a portion of the paving removed from the site is on display in the plaza in front of the Station. It enables visitors to get a sense of the weir’s size. Unfortunately, no documents or records that describe the weir’s structure have been discovered. A similar type of structure known as the Sekiguchi Weir, however, which was constructed during the same period and transported water into the city from the Kanda River, provides us with some insights about weir technology and design. Located in present-day Bunkyo Ward’s Sekiguchi district, the arrangement of stone material used to construct the Sekiguchi Weir’s channel resembles that of the stone paving discovered along the outer moat in 2017. Also from the platform you can see the current waterway connecting the moats.
外堀の土塁 The Structure of the Outer Moat Ground 外堀土塁の構造 The Structure of the Base 牛込門から赤坂門までの江戸城外堀は、谷地形を利用し、広い堀幅の水面と、水面から高い土塁を持つ江戸城防御のための空間で構成されています。目の前に見える土手もその土塁の一部であり、2013(平成25)年から始まった石垣修復工事、その後のJR飯田橋駅西口駅舎等の工事に併せ調査が行われ、桝形石垣付近は江戸時代当時の規模を目安とした土塁の復元をしています。 外堀の土塁は、厚さ5~10cm程度ごとに土や粘土、砂など様々な種類の土を積み重ねて突き固められた版築と呼ばれる技法で作られています。地層断面をみると、土手の斜面方向とは逆に、水面の方に向かって地層が上がっています。これは、土砂崩れを防ぐためと考えられています。土塁の道路端には土留めの石垣が築かれていましたが、現在では土手に沿って通る道路の端に確認できる通り、コンクリートの小型擁壁に代わっています。
The section of Edo Castle’s outer moat between Ushigome and Akasaka Gates was constructed by utilizing the valley topography, which allowed for the development of a wide canal surface and tall earthwork fortifications. The embankment visible here formed a portion of the area’s earthen fortifications. In 2013, a series of excavations were carried out in conjunction with a project to repair the stone walls and redevelop the western side of JR Iidabashi Station. The project enabled the reconstruction of earthen fortifications on the same scale as those that existed in the Edo era. As a result, contemporary visitors to the site can experience the grand scale of the historical fortifications that existed in the area. The outer moat’s fortifications were constructed using a rammed-earth technique in which 5-to-10-centimeter layers of earth and clay were stacked on top of one another and tamped down. An examination of the fortifications geological profile reveals that the layers of earth and clay rise towards the towards the moat’s surface and away from the embankment slope, It is likely that this construction method was utilized in order to prevent landslides. Earth-reinforced stone walls were constructed along the roadside lining the earthen fortifications. However, as can be determined from the roadside currently located parallel to the embankment, the original earth-reinforced walls have been replaced by small-scale concrete retaining walls.
外堀土塁の水際部分(発見された水際石垣) Waterside Part of The Outer Moat Ground (Discovered Waterside Stone Wall 2015(平成27)年に行われた発掘調査の結果、外堀の水際には、土手が崩れないようにするための低い石垣が作られていたことが判明しました。発見された場所は、牛込橋から140m程度市谷方向に進む地点の線路の間で、石垣の基礎部分と考えられる 1〜2段の石積みが、外堀で初めて確認されました。この石垣は、明治期に甲武鉄道が敷設された際に、上段部分が撤去され、基礎部分はそのまま埋められたものと考えられます。
An archaeological excavation carried out in 2015 revealed the existence of low stone walls along the moat’s edge. They were likely constructed in order to prevent the embankment from collapsing into the moat. The site where the walls were discovered is located in a section of rail track approximately 140 meters away from Ushigome-bashi Bridge in the direction of Ichigaya. At that site, excavators found one- and two-tier layers of stone, which are thought to have comprised the stone walls’ structural foundation. When the Kōbu Railway was constructed in the Meiji period, it is thought that the upper portion of the stone walls were removed and the foundation was buried.
外堀土塁の植栽 Planting of The Outer Moat Earth Fence 1636(寛永13)年、外堀土塁が完成すると、幕府は翌年、堀方七組の東国大名に命じて、土塁上部から2.7m程下がった位置に、一間(約1.8m)間隔で大きめの松杉を、その内側には小さめの苗木を、二筋にわたって植樹させました。植木奉行(のち普請奉行)の管理下に置かれた牛込土橋~筋違橋の土手と堀は、近辺に屋敷を拝領する武家に割振り、植木の手入れと草刈りを担当させました。幕末に日本を訪れたオイレンブルクの『日本遠征記』によれば、「城壁天端の平坦部とその内側にはモミなどの針葉がぎっしりと並び、水面には何千という野鴨が住み着いている」と記されています。なお、真田濠(現上智大学グラウンド)の土塁上には、往時の姿を思い浮かべることができるような松の植生がみられます。
The outer moat’s earthenworks were completed in 1636. The following year, the Tokugawa shogunate order the group of eastern Japanese domainal lords previously mobilized to dig portions of the outer moat to plant a row of pine and cedar trees approximately 2.7 meters below the upper portion of those fortifications. The trees were to be planted 1.8 meters apart. In addition, they planted an inner row of smaller saplings parallel with the pine and cedar trees. This project was carried out under the direction of the Governor of Landscaping (later the Governor of Construction) and the maintenance of the newly planted fauna was entrusted to the warrior houses occupying estates along the outer moat and embankment between Ushigome-bashi Bridge and Kuichigai Gate. During the late-Edo period, the area was visited by Prussian diplomat Count Friedrich Albrecht zu Eulenburg. In his Record of the Eulenburg Expedition to Japan, he wrote, “Thick rows of fir trees and other conifers line the flat section crowning the castle walls and the walls’ interior section, and thousands of wild ducks inhabit the moats surface.” The rows of pine trees lining the embankment alongside Sanada-bori Moat (present-day Jōchi University Field) provide visitors with a sense of what the outer moat area was like in the Edo period.
Remnants of the stone walls that surrounded Ushigome-mon Gate can be found in their original form on the left and right sides of the Gate. Accordingly, they are important artifacts, which enable visitors to experience the scale and atmosphere of the stone walls that surrounded Edo Castle. During a 2013 archaeological survey, the stone wall on the northern side, which is visible here, was restored using original techniques and materials. The stone walls were constructed using a layering method in which stones on both ends were cut and chiseled in straight lines, and then laid in courses so that each stone fit tightly with the others. This was supported by a coursed masonry technique in which side joints passed through most sections of the wall. These methods gave the stone walls a precise, orderly appearance. In contrast, the stone walls’ lower portions and those touching the embankment were constructed using a comparatively imprecise layering technique in which small stones were pounded into gaps between the larger stones. The walls were constructed primarily using andesite from the Izu Peninsula. In addition, large granite stones transported from the Seto Inland Sea were used as cornerstones. Layering Techniques Used to Construct the Stone Walls The wall’s western side (Side B), which faced the outer moat, was constructed using a cutting-and-insertion method in which stones of different sizes were carefully chiseled to ensure that they fit tightly together. In contrast, the lower tier, which was buried under the embankment, was constructed using a comparatively rough pounding technique in which stones of different sizes and shapes were broken and beaten into the wall’s face. Continuing along the embankment, the protruding portion of the wall’s northern face (Side A) was constructed using the aforementioned cutting-and-insertion technique, whereas the section touching the embankment using the pounding technique. As a consequence, the northern face presents a less orderly appearance. In contrast, the wall’s south face (Side C), which was located inside the square enclosure surrounding the Gate, was comprised of square and rectangular stones and precisely constructed using the cutting-and-insertion technique. The stones used to construct the south face were carefully layered to ensure that side joints crossed the entire face of the wall. It is likely that this portion of the wall was so carefully constructed because it was located inside the enclosure and a space that those passing through would inevitably see. The Wall’s Internal Structure An examination of the wall’s internal structure reveals that cobblestones approximately the size of a fist, such as river stones and angular rocks, were embedded into it as backfill material. In the portion facing the road (Side C), each layer of the wall was embedded with a separate layer of backfill. The innermost layer (Layer IV) was precisely constructed using a technique in which flat stones were lined on their back. In contrast, the wall’s lower portion (Layer III) is filled with large cobble-stones, while the upper portion (Layer Il) is embedded with gemstone-shaped cobblestones the size of a fist and the outermost layer (Layer 1) is comprised of top soil. The existence of these distinct layers indicates that the rock walls have been repaired and refurbished several times in their history.
Also known as the Ushigome Gateway, Ushigome-mon Gate was constructed in 1636 under the direction of Hasuchika Tadateru, the lord of Tokushima domain. As described in the Illustrated Maps of Edo Castle’s Outer Gates, Ushigome-mon Gate’s inner section was surrounded by stone walls, which were arranged in a square shape to form an enclosure. It was comprised of two gates: a Korean-style outer gate, which led to a square courtyard and could be entered from the earthen bridge, and a large, two-story inner gate containing a timber-framed gatehouse. Even if enemy forces successfully penetrated the outer gate and entered the courtyard, they were prevented from entering the castle grounds by the large internal gate. Ushigome-mon Gate’s design enabled forces defending the Castle to attack the enemy from the walkway in the gatehouse’s upper tier and positions atop the stone walls surrounding the courtyard. In 1872, the Ministry of the Army assumed control of Edo Castle and were tasked with protecting the Imperial Palace. After taking control, they announced that many of the existing gates would be torn down in the name of security. Ultimately, they order the removal of 21 of the outer gates. The Ministry of the Army then assumed responsibility for guarding and maintaining the gates that remained in place. In an effort to develop Tokyo’s urban infrastructure, the Tokyo prefectural government moved carried out the actual work of removing the castle gates, elevated walkways above the gates, stone walls that surrounded many of the gates, and the earthen fortifications in their vicinity. In 1902, after the elevated walkway above Ushigome-mon Gate had been removed a portion of the stone walls surrounding its inner sections were torn down. However, the eastern and western walls were left in place and remain in existence today. The original form of the square courtyard that surrounded the gate is indicated by the surface of the road constructed in its place. It enables visitors to grasp the layout of the square courtyard that surrounded the Gate’s inner portion. The exhibit on the first floor provides a detailed description of the stone walls’ struc-ture. A cornerstone retrieved from the side of one Ushigome-mon Gate’s stone wallsis emblazoned with two seals: those of Hachisuka lemasa and Hachisuka Tadahide, who supervised. the construction of Ushigome-mon Gate’s walled courtyard.
神楽坂(新宿区)側に残る橋台 The Remained Bridge Stage Beside Kagurazaka 1989(平成元)年の地下鉄南北線工事における発掘調査で、牛込橋の新宿区側の橋詰に高さ9.5mの牛込見附の土橋の石垣が確認されました。石垣は軟弱な地盤の下位にある強固な砂層地盤を支持層として梯子胴木を敷いた上に築かれており、弱い地盤施工する際の工夫が伺えます。その他、当時の土橋の側溝の構造がわかる遺構なども発見されています。
An archaeological excavation carried out in 1989 in conjunction with the construction of Tokyo’s Nanboku Subway Line uncovered a 9.5-meter-high stone wall from the Shinjuku Ward-side approach to Ushigome-mon Gate’s earthen bridge. The stone wall was constructed on top of a crib base, which served as a support layer for the hardened stratum of sand comprising the bottom tier of the site’s weak foundation. This discovery provides us with insight into the techniques used during the Edo period when building on sites with an unstable foundation.
牛込門・牛込駅周辺の変遷 The Transition of Usigome-mon Gate and Ushigome Station Areas 外堀は、1660(万治3)年、牛込・和泉橋間の堀さらいが行われ、外堀(神田川)をさかのぼって、牛込橋までの通船が可能となり、神田川沿いに河岸ができました。牛込橋東側の堀端には、揚場町の「町方揚場」と御三家のひとつである「尾張様物揚場」があり、山の手の武家地や町人地へ薪や炭などの荷物を運ぶ軽子が、「軽子坂」を往来したといわれています。 牛込門から城内に入ると武家屋敷が連なり、他方、堀端から現在の神楽坂の辺りは、善国寺(毘沙門天)の坂下の地域が武家地、早稲田側には寺町が形成されました。寺の門前には町屋が建ち並び、江戸名所の一つとして賑わいを見せていました。 明治になると、城外の新宿区側には、空き家と化した武家屋敷跡が芸妓置屋や料亭となり、神楽坂花街が形成されていきました。他方、城内の千代田区側の武家屋敷跡に学校などが建てられました。 牛込土橋東側の堀は、1984(昭和59)年、再開発事業により暗渠となり、現在に至っています。また、鉄道整備においても削られずに残された牛込門周辺の土塁は、1911(明治44)年、牛込・喰違間の土手遊歩道を外堀保存のため公園とする計画が決定され、1927(昭和2)年、「東京市立土手公園」として開設されました。現在でも国史跡指定区域に、外濠公園として歴史的風致が保全されています。
In 1660, the section of the outer moat located between Ushigome-bashi and Izumi Bridges was dredged. This made it possible for boats to travel up the outer moat (Kanda River) to Ushigome-bashi Bridge. In addition, banks were constructed on both sides of the Kanda River. The bankside area on the eastern side of Ushigome-mon Bridge was home to the Agebachō neighborhood’s “community landing,” and “the Owari House Landing,” which was controlled by the Owari, one of the three branches of the Tokugawa clan. Both sites were used to offload arriving cargo. Porters transporting firewood and charcoal to warrior estates and commoner neighborhoods in the Edo’s Yamanote area are said to have traveled from these moat-side landings up an incline known as Hill of Karuko. Entering the castle grounds from Ushigome-mon Gate, warrior estates lined the street. The area located at the foot of Zenkoku Temple between the moat banks and present-day Kagurazaka was home to warrior estates and, on the Waseda side, there were Buddhist temples. Commoner residences lined the space in front of the temple gates and the area emerged as one of Edo’s most bustling sites. Entering the Meiji period, unoccupied former warrior estates outside the castle walls on the Shinjuku Ward side came to host restaurants and establishments employing geisha entertainers and courtesans. This led to the establishment of the Kagurazaka pleasure quarter. In contrast, schools and other institutions were constructed on the grounds of abandoned warrior estates inside the castle wall on the Chiyoda Ward side. In 1984, the moat on the eastern side of Ushigome-bashi Bridge was enclosed in conjunction with a local reedevelopment project. It remains covered today. In addition, in 1911, the government presented a plan to transform the portions of the moat embankment in the vicinity of Ushigome-mon Gate that survived the construction of the railroads into a public park and preserve remaining portions of the outer moat between Ushigome and Kuichigai as a pedestrian walkway. This resulted in the creation of Tokyo Dote City Park, which was founded in 1927. Even today, historic landscapes located inside the area officially designated as a national heritage site have been preserved in the form of Sotobori Park.
甲武鉄道国有化・複々線化と飯田橋駅 The Nationalization of Kobu Railways and Construction of Multiple Lines and Iida Station 1906(明治39)年に甲武鉄道は国有化され、1909(明治42)年に中央東線(1911(明治44)年に中央本線に改称)の一部となりました。 甲武鉄道の乗客数は、開業した1894(明治27)年には85万8千人、翌年には242万2千人と急増していました。大幅に増えた旅客輸送に対応するため、汽車・貨物と電車の分離を目的に、1922(大正11)年から複々線化工事が行われました。複々線化の際、牛込駅下りホーム等が支障となったため、1928(昭和3)年に電車線の飯田町駅(現在の千代田区飯田橋三丁目)と統合する形で、そのちょうど中間となる曲線位置に飯田橋駅が開業しました。 開業当時の飯田橋駅は両端に出口があり、東口側は高架駅のような構造になっている一方、西口側は橋上の駅舎でした。この西口は旧牛込駅の利用者に対して影響が少なくなるよう設けられたものであり、長い通路が造られ、2016(平成28)年まで使用されていました。駅の屋根は古レールを使って作られ、現在もホーム上から確認することができます。 飯田橋駅のホームは急曲線にあったため、車両の大型化に伴いホームと電車の間には広い隙間ができていました。2020(令和2)年に、ホームを牛込駅があった市ヶ谷駅寄りの直線部分に移設し、より安全な直線ホームに改められました。あわせて、地域のシンボルとして史跡を活かした駅前広場や駅舎が整備されました。
JR 東日本中央本線【飯田橋駅】ホーム上屋古レール全景
冒頭でも触れた西口への通路も古レールが下部構造に大量に使用されている。まるで線路上から撮影したような写真であるが、あくまでもホーム上から撮影したものであり、ホームの曲がり具合が相当のものであることを実感できる。奥に見える下駄ばきの建物が西口の駅舎である。
JR 東日本中央本線【飯田橋駅】西口通路古レール全景
同通路を西口改札外の牛込橋付近より見下ろす。これだけの長さで立ち上がる古レールが延々と続くのは壮観である。しかし、現在の耐震基準ではまずアウトではなかろうかと思われる華奢な架構とも言える。一体どのような構造計算の結果で OK となったのだろうか。
JR 東日本中央本線【飯田橋駅】西口通路古レール全景
Kōbu Railway was nationalized in 1906 and became part of the Chūōtō Line in 1909. Two years later, the Chūōtō Line’s official name was changed to the Chūō Main Line. In 1894, Köbu Railway’s ridership numbered 858,000. By the following year, it had nearly tripled to 2,422,000. In 1922, additional lines were constructed in order to accommodate the line’s rapidly expanding ridership and to separate the steam and freight lines from the electric passenger lines. In 1928, Ushigome Station was merged with Iidamachi Station (present-day Chiyoda Ward Iidabashi 3-chome) because the platform for its outbound line obstructed the construction of the additional lines. This led to the creation of Iidabashi Station, which was located along a curve section of track equidistant from Ushigome and Iidamachi Stations. At the time of its opening, there were entrances at both ends of Iidabashi Station. While the eastern side had an elevated, viaduct-like structure, the eastern portion was located on a bridge. In order to accommodate passengers who previously boarded the train at Ushigome Station, a long passage connecting Iidabashi Station with its western entrance was constructed and remained in use until 2016. The Station’s roof was constructed using old pieces of rail track. These sections of the roof are visible today from the station platform. Because Iidabashi Station was located along a sharp curve, the construction of larger rail cars resulted in a wide gap between the platform and trains that served the station. In 2020, the platform was relocated to the straight section in the direction of Ichigaya Station previously occupied by Ushigome Station. This narrowed the gap between the platform and trains and made it safer for passengers to board. In conjunction with the platform’s relocation, a station-front plaza and station XX, was constructed.
Ushigome Station opened on October 9, 1894, the same day that Kōbu Railway initiated service between Shinjuku and Ushigome Stations. Before Iidama-chi Station opened on April 3, 1895, Ushigome Station served as the starting station on the Kōbu Line. Ushigome Station was located on the portion of present-day Iidbashi Station that extends from Ushigome Bridge in the direction of Ichigaya Station. At the time, portions of the outer moat were reclaimed in order to construct the station house and train tracks. Ushigome Station’s platform was located on the site currently occupied the JR Chuo Rapid Transit Line. In addition, the station house was constructed on the site currently occupied by the JR Chuo and Sobu Local Lines. Ushigome Station had two ticket gates. One was located on the present-day Shinjuku Ward side and the other was located on the Chiyoda Ward side. The gate building on the Chiyoda Ward side was constructed facing the road alongside the outer moat’s embankment and could be accessed by a staircase that rose from the Station’s rail bridge and climbed the embankment. A retaining wall from a section of the embankment next to the station house remains in place today in the vicinity of the entrance to Sotobori Park. On the Shinjuku Ward side, a road was constructed on land reclaimed from alongside Ushigome-mon Gate’s earthen bridge. Thereafter, Ushigome Station could be reached via a small pedestrian bridge, which was erected near the aqueduct attached to Ushigome-mon Gate’s weir. Today, portions of the foundation that supported the pedestrian bridge remain in place and are visible from Iidabashi Station’s platform and atop Ushigome Bridge.
In 1636, Iemitsu, the third Tokugawa shogun, commanded domanial lords from around the country to construct an outer moat around Edo Castle. The following year, two rows of pine saplings were planted on the grass-covered embankment lining the outer moat. The outer row was comprised of large saplings, which were planted 2.7 meters from the embankment edge at intervals of 1.8 meters. The inner row consisted of an alternating series of large and small saplings arranged in a similar pattern. These rows supported the embarkment and shielded the castle. The portion of the embankment extending east from Ushigomemon Gate can be divided into two sections: one located along the outer moat and the other located inside the Gate. Photographic evidence indicates that the section lining the outer moat was a gentle earthen bank. The section inside the Gate is depicted in Views of Edo as a grass-covered landscape dotted with pine trees. During the Meiji period (1868-1912), the construction of wider roads and rail lines reduced the size of the embankment.
Underground, however, portions of the outer moat’s embankment, which constructed during the Tokugawa period using the ancient rammed earth (hanchiku) method, remain intact. This display recreates the earthen bank and rows of pines, which were located to the east Ushigomemon Gate’s box-shaped stone walls.
These two maps indicate the location of historical sites in the vicinity of Iidabachi and Yotsuya Stations. The sites offer vital insights about Tokyo’s history from the early modern to the modern period. The map on the left traces the path of early modem Japan’s “Five Routes,” which radiated out in all directions from central Edo’s Nihon-bashi Bridge, and indicates the location of the city’s entrance gates and post stations on its periphery. The second map is a jurisdictional map indicating the territories under the authority of the Edo City Governor. It shows that areas inside the Yamanate Line comprised the city center and that the city area extended over a vast space that stretched far east as present-day Kinshicho Station.
喰違(The Remains of Kuichigai Gate)外堀で唯一土塁を組み合わさせた門で、1612(慶長17)年に完成しました。現在も原形を確認できます。
赤坂門跡(The Remains of Akasaa-mon Gate)江戸城外郭門で、1639(寛永16)年に完成しました。石垣は一部現存し、福岡黒田家の刻印がみられます。
飯田橋周辺案内図
牛込駅(千代田区側)駅舎跡
牛込駅(千代田区側)駅舎跡 甲武鉄道時代、ここには牛込駅の出入口がありました。 現在でも、当時作られた駅舎の左右にあった石積み擁壁がそのまま残されており、見ることができます。 The Remains of Ushigome Station 石積み擁壁 高低差のある土地で土砂崩れを防ぐために設置し、石を積んだ壁。
牛込門枡形石垣跡の舗装表示 かって牛込門の枡形石垣があった位置が自然石舗装で表現されており、その大きさを体感することができます。 Remnants of Ushigome-mon Gate’s Stone Walls 枡形 ますがた。石垣で箱形(方形)につくった城郭への出入口。敵の侵入を防ぐために工夫された門の形式で、城の一の門と二の門との間にある2重の門で囲まれた四角い広場で、奥に進むためには直角に曲がる必要がある。出陣の際、兵が集まる場所であり、また、侵入した敵軍の動きをさまたげる効果もある。
石に刻まれた印
石に刻まれた印 かつて牛込門の枡形石垣を構成していた石垣石が移設展示されています。 枡形石垣の整備を担当した徳島藩蜂須賀阿波守の刻印とみられるものが確認できます。 Inscriptions on the Stone
江戸城外堀跡散策案内図
江戸城外堀跡散策案内図
散策モデルルート Aルート:「外堀散策ルート」Edo Castle’s Outer Moat
周囲14kmの江戸城外堀を史跡中心に巡ります。 This walk visits heritage sites along the outer moat’s 14-kilometer periphery Bルート:「江戸城内ルート」Edo Castle
牛込門から北の丸の田安門を経て旧江戸城本丸跡を巡ります。 Departing from Ushigome-mon Gate, this walk passes through the Northern Citadel’s Tayasu-mon Gate before visiting the remains of Edo Castle’s Inner Citadel. Cルート:「外堀水辺散策ルート」The Outer Moat Riverside Walk
神田川と日本橋川にある鉄道遺産などを巡ります。 This route visits sites along the Kanda and Nihonbashi Rivers relates to local railroad development.
外堀の変遷 The Transition of the Outer Moat 外堀は江戸城防御の役割だけではなく、豊かな水辺空間として当時から江戸市民に親しまれ、名所絵などの浮世絵にも多く描かれました。「名所江戸百景」(広重」・1856(安政3)年—1858(安政5)年)には、市ヶ谷八幡の門前町が堀端に広がり賑わう景色が、外堀とともに描かれています。また、「富士三十六景」(広重・1858(安政5)年)には、御茶の水の懸樋下を、荷物を載せた船が往来する様子が描かれ、外堀が物資輸送路としても使われていたことがわかります。 明治期以降も外堀は景勝地として受け継がれました。1893(明治26)年、地域有志者からの寄付金により、四番町より市谷田町に通じる新道(現・新見附)開設願いが出され、甲武鉄道の延伸工事と一体で建設されることとなりました。 1894(明治27)年に開通した甲武鉄道と外堀の風景は絵葉書などに多く取り入れられました。1911(明治44)年には、牛込から喰違までの土手遊歩道を江戸城外堀として永久に保存するため公園とすることが計画され、1927(昭和2)年に牛込橋から新見附橋までの区域が「東京市立土手公園」として開設されました。なお、甲武鉄道や近代の牛込濠周辺の変遷については、駅舎2階に解説板を設置しています。
More than just a component in Edo Castle’s defense structure, the outer moat was also a verdant, waterside leisure space much loved by city residents. Depictions of the outer moat were frequently included in Tokugawa-era collections of woodblock prints. One famous collection entitled the One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, which was composed between 1856 and 1858 by the artist Hiroshige, includes a print depicting the outer moat and bustling, moat-side cityscape in the vicinity of Ichigaya’s Hachiman Gate. In a separate collection entitled Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji from 1858, Hiroshige depicts a cargo-filled boat passing under the outer moat’s Ochanomizu Acqueduct. This tells us that the moat was also a functional space used to transport goods around the city. After the 1868 Meiji Restoration, the outer moat continued to be considered a scenic area and a residential district was constructed on the moat’s Shinjuku side. Following the construction of the Köbu Railway in 1894, the Railway and surrounding outer moat area frequently came to be featured in postcards. In 1911, the authorities presented a plan to preserve Edo Castle’s outer moat as a public park. Specifically, the plan called for the construction of a pedestrian walkway along the embankment extending from Ushigome to Kuichigai. The plan came to fruition in 1927 with the construction of Tokyo’s Dote City Park, which extended from Ushigome to Shinmitsuke Bridge. For more information about the Kōbu Railway and Ushigome Moat’s modern development, please visit the history plaza on the second floor.
The Stone Used to Construct Ushigome-dobashi Bridge’s Weir The stone located next to this installation was used to construct the weir located under Ushigome-mon Gate’s earthen bridge. Portions of the weir were discovered during the construction of lidabashi Station. Documents detailing what was discovered at the site and describing the weir’ s appearance can be found at the exhibit on the platform at JR lidabashi Station. The exhibit is located in the vicinity of the site under Ushigome-bashi Bridge, where the weir was actually discovered.
The section of the outer moat located between Ushigome to Ichigaya was constructed by utilizing the topography of the Kanda River valley. In addition, because the Yotsuya and Kojimachi sections of the moat were located on a ridgeline, which cut across the Kanda Plateau, moat construction in those areas required the execution of a large-scale infrastructure project in which sections of the Plateau were removed and the moat was extended to the valley in the vicinity of the reservoir on the Akasaka side. Groups of domainal lords were mobilized to carry out the project and each group was required to remove a predetermined amount of earth from the plateau. The outer moat reached its highest point in the vicinity of Kuichigai Gate. From there, the water level gradually lowered as it passed through the channels linking Sanada-bori Moat with the Kanda River. In order to control the flow of water and prevent flooding, weirs were constructed to around gates, such as Ushigome-mon Gate, which were located on earthen bridges. These weirs were then utilized to control the water level in the moat. Furthermore, utilizing the natural topography, large earthen fortifications were constructed by building up sections of the Kanda Plateau on the present-day Chiyoda Ward side of the moat in order to improve the Castle’s defenses. That project resulted in the establishment of a steep embankment. Edo Castle’s outer moat boasts a total length of approximately 14 kilometers. The approximately 4-kilometer, 38-hectare section between Ushigome and Akasaka Gates is a designated as a National Historic Site. Visitors to the site can see the ingeniously constructed outer moat filled with water, the stone walls of the Castle’s outer gates, and the shape of its earthen fortifications.
江戸城外堀 The History of Edo Castle Outer Moat 江戸城は、本丸・二の丸・三の丸・西の丸・北の丸・吹上からなる内郭を内堀が囲み、その表門が大手門でした。外堀は、雉子橋門から時計回りに、一橋門、神田橋門、常盤橋門など諸門をめぐり、呉服橋門から虎ノ門、溜池から四谷門、市谷門、牛込門を経て、現在の神田川に入り、小石川門から浅草門で、隅田川に至る堀でした。外堀工事は、1606(慶長11)年に雉子橋から溜池までの堀を構築後、1618(元和4)年に駿河台が掘削されて平川(現日本橋川)の流路に付け替えられ、神田川が誕生しました。この工事で、平川は堀留橋で締め切られ、独立した堀となりました。 1636(寛永13)年には、天下普請で外堀が構築され、江戸の総構が完成します。この工事は、雉子橋から虎ノ門に至る外堀の総石垣化と枡形築造を前田・細川・池田・黒田家など西国外様大名(石垣方六組)、牛込土橋から赤坂土橋にかけての外堀掘削と土塁の構築を東国大名(堀方七組)が行いました。 その後も幕府は、外堀を維持するために大名の手伝普請による堀さらいをしました。牛込~市谷間の堀は、市谷~四谷間より水位が下がり、土砂が堆積し、蓮が繁ったため、普請奉行の管理下で頻繁にさらいが行われました。また、町人にも堀にゴミを捨てないよう町触も出され、外堀の維持・管理が行われました。
Edo Castle’s inner hull was comprised of six citadels: the main, second, third, western, northern, and fukiage citadels. The entire inner hull was encircled by an internal moat and Ōte-mon Gate served as its main entrance. The Castle’s outer moat originated at Kijibashi-mon Gate and passed, in clockwise direction, through Hitotsubashi-mon, Kandabashi-mon, Tokiwa-bashi-mon, Gofukubashi-mon, and Torano-mon Gates. It then extended from Castle reservoir through Yotsuya-mon, Ichigaya-mon, and Ushigome-mon Gates before ultimately flowing into the present-day Kanda River. From there. it served as a canal, which passed through Koishikawa-mon and Asakusa-mon Gates and ultimately converged with the Sumida River. The outer moat’s development began in 1606 with the construction of a canal from Kiji-bashi Bridge to the Castle reservoir. The second stage in its evolution came in 1618, when portions of the Kanda Plateau were removed and the canal was redirected towards the Hira River. That process gave birth to the Kanda River and transformed the Hira River, which was closed off at Horidome-bashi Bridge, into an independent canal. The outer moat was finally completed in 1636, when feudal lords from eastern and western Japan were mobilized to construct its remaining portions. Specifically, western domainal lords, including the Maeda, Hosokawa, Ikeda, and Kuroda Houses, were ordered to supervise the construction of stone walls and the square masugata enclosures used to protect the castle gates along the section of outer moat between Kiji-bashi Bridge and Torano-mon Gate. In constrast, domainal lords from eastern Japan were order to dig a canal between Ushigome-bashi and Akasaka-bashi Bridges and construct earthen fortifications. In order to maintain the outer moat, the Tokugawa shogunate mobilized domainal lords from around the country to dredge it. In particular, the section of the moat between Ushigome and Ichigaya required frequent dredging because the water level often receded, resulting in the accumulation of silt on the moat floor and the development of water lilies on its surface. Such dredging projects were carried out under the supervision of the shogunate’s Governor of Construction. In addition, the city authori-ties attempted to keep the outer moat free of debris by issuing official proclamations banning the residents of commoner neigh-borhoods from disposing of garbage in the moat.
赤坂門:長崎大学附属図書館蔵
Akasaka-mon Gate: “Photo Tokyo Past and Present” Hiroshi Nozawa
喰違:『絵本江戸土産』国立国会図書館蔵
Kuichigai-mon Gate: “Edo Souvenir in Pictures” National Diet Library
そのほか:『旧江戸城写真帖』東京国立博物館蔵
Others: “Old Edo Castle Photo Collection” Tokyo National Museum
江戸城 The History of Edo Castle 江戸城は、平安時代末の江戸氏居館、室町時代の太田道灌、戦国時代の小田原北条氏の支城として受け継がれました。豊臣秀吉は、北条氏を滅ぼすと、徳川家康を関東に移封しました。1590(天正18)年、徳川家康は江戸城に入城し、江戸城と城下町の建設を始めました。家康入城時の江戸城には石垣はなく土塁のみで、日比谷も入り江で日本橋・京橋辺りも海面と同じ高さの湿地でした。 家康は、まず城内の寺を出し本丸を拡張し、城下町の武家地、町人地を整えました。次に、本丸の南の台地を削り西の丸を造成し、その残土で日比谷入り江を埋め立てました。1603(慶長8)年、幕府を開き実権を握った家康は、天下普請として、城と城下町建設に諸大名を動員しました。同じ年に、神田山を崩して日本橋南の地域を埋め立て、市街地の造成と日本橋の架橋を行い、翌年には日本橋を起点とする五街道を整備しました。1606(慶長11)年には二の丸・三の丸と城郭の整備、石垣築造を進め、翌年には天守が完成しました。なお、天守は1657(明暦3)年に大火で焼失した後、再建されませんでした。 1868(明治元)年、明治天皇が江戸城に入り皇居となり、1960(昭和35)年、江戸城内郭の堀が「江戸城跡」として国の特別史跡に指定されました。このほか、「江戸城外堀跡」と「常盤橋門跡」が史跡に、外桜田門、田安門、清水門とそれぞれの櫓門が重要文化財に指定されています。
Edo Castle’s origins can be traced to the establishment of the Edo Clan’s estate in the late-Heian period. During the Muromachi period, it served as the location of Ōta Dōkan’s branch castle. Entering the Warring States Period, it was controlled by the Hōjō Clan’s and served as the site of their branch castle. When Toyotomi Hideyoshi eradicated the Hōjō Clan in the late-sixteenth century, Tokugawa Ieyasu was sent to their former territory in the Kantō region. In 1590, leyasu assumed control of Edo Castle and initiated the Castle’s reconstruction and construction of the surrounding castle town. At the time, there were no stone walls on the Castle site. The only remaining features of the Hōjō Clan’s branch castle were its earthen fortifications. In addition, the Hibiya area was an inlet and the Nihonbashi and Kyōbashi areas were low-lying wetlands. leyasu began the reconstruction effort by removing temples from the site, expanding the Castle’s inner citadel, and supervising the construction of the city’s commoner districts and warrior estates. He then removed portions of the plateau immediately south of the inner citadel and constructed the western citadel. In addition, the inlet in Hibiya was filled in using the earth removed from the plateau. In 1603, leyasu, who had by then seized national political authority and established a tent government, mobilized domainal lords from the across the country to construct the remaining portions of Edo Castle and the surrounding city area. The same year, Kanda Hill was leveled and earth removed from the Hill was used to fill in the southern portions of the Nihonbashi area. The area was then developed and Nihon-bashi Bridge was constructed. The following year, an archipelago-wide network of five overland circuits originating from Nihon-bashi Bridge was established. In 1606, the second and third citadels and castle tower were constructed and work continued on the stone walls surrounding the Castle. By the following year, the Castle’s main keep was complete. In 1657, however, the Castle was destroyed by a fire and had to be reconstructed. In 1868, the Meiji emperor moved to Edo Castle and it came to serve as the imperial palace. In 1960, Edo Castle’s inner moat was classified as Edo Castle’s official ruins and designated a National Heritage Site. In addition, remaining portions of the Castle’s outer moat and the ruins of Tokiwabashi Gate received designation as Historical Landmarks. Lastly, the box-shaped, two-story gatehouses at Sakurada-mon, Tayasu-mon, and Shimizu-mon Gates were designated as Important National Treasures.
① 「足利義詮御教書」暦応3年(1340) 時代は室町幕府創設直後、当時の鎌倉府の義詮(尊氏長子)が執事の高師冬に命じて、江戸氏の所領である芋茎郡(現埼玉騎西町)の替地として、荏原郡牛込郷闕所分(所有者のない知行地)を与えたものである。恐らく、鎌倉幕府滅亡から室町幕府成立期の混乱時に牛込郷は不知行地になっていたのであろう。
① [B] この文書によると、江戸近江権守は今まで持つていた崎西郡芋茎郷が何らかの理由で没収されることになり、その替所として牛込郷が闕所になつていたので、それを足利氏から貰ったことが分る。従つてこれによると、本区牛込がはじめて史上に明文を見、江戸氏の領地になつたことを知るのである。しかし鎌倉時代の節に述べた如く、江戸氏は古くから本区と関係があると思われ、江戸近江権守が牛込を領したのが、江戸氏の本区支配の最初であつたとは思われない。逆に暦応に牛込の闕所地を江戸氏が領したのは、古くから縁故の土地であったためではなかろうか。(略) 江戸氏が室町時代に於いて足利氏の配下にあったことは「太平記」、「後鑑」に見えるが、更に曆応3年の「牛込文書」によると、江戸氏は高師直の息参河守師冬の配下に属していたのではないかと思う。そうすると師冬は当時下総・常陸にいた南朝の軍と戦っていたのであるから(保暦間記・後鑑)、江戸氏もその軍に加わっていたのではあるまいか。その後、貞和5年に尊氏の息基氏が関東に下り、関東管領となったが、基氏はその時僅か十歳であった。そのため師冬はその補佐にあたっていた。従って江戸氏も亦自然基氏に属することになったらしい。(新宿区史)
① [C] 前年に関東執事に就任し、関東平定を推し進めた高師冬が足利義詮の意を奉じた文書。冬軍には多くの武蔵・相模国の中小武士らが従いましたが、長期の戦闘に疲弊し帰国を希望する者もあったといい、高幡不動本尊像内文書(国指定重要文化財 日野市・金剛寺蔵)には参戦した武士の実態が記されています。江戸氏も冬に従い戦功を挙げたと考えられ、本文書はその際の戦功として牛込郷の領有を認められたものです。(武蔵野ふるさと歴史館)
① [D] 鎌倉公方の足利義詮(尊氏の子)が、執事高師冬に命じて、江戸氏に芋茎郷(現騎西町内)の替地として、牛込郷の欠所分(不知行地)を付与したもの。宛名の江戸氏は庶流で名は不明。牛込郷のみえる最初の史料であり、荏原郡に属していたことも明らかである。(新宿区文化財総合調査報告書)
沽却地 こきゃくち。「沽却」は売り払う。売却。沽却された土地。売買の対象となる土地。
② [C] 江戸憲重が桜田郷内の沽却地(売地)を与えられた際の打渡状。室町時代の武蔵国においては、鎌倉公方の命令により遵行を命じる奉書が作成されると、守護・守護代は遵行状(伝達命令文書)を作成しこれを取り次ぎ、遵行使を派遣して知行人に証状として打渡状を交付しました。応永23年(1416)の上杉禅秀の乱後に、足利持氏方についた武士らの還補(何らかの理由で失った土地を取り戻すこと)が認められており、桜田郷は以前から江戸氏が領有していたため、本文書も桜田郷の一部を江戸氏に還補された際のものと考えることもできます。(武蔵野ふるさと歴史館)
② [D] 江戸憲重の買得地である豊嶋郡桜田郷の下地を、江戸上野入道を証人として憲重に沙汰するという内容。(新宿区文化財総合調査報告書)
③ [A] 甲斐守護武田長と鎌倉公方足利持氏の合戦に関わるものである。鎌倉府奉公衆で武田信長討伐軍の総大将であった一色持家が、甲斐国田原(現山梨県都留市)に在陣中の江戸憲重の労をねぎらい、足利持氏に戦功を注進する旨を伝えている。端裏には切封墨引があるが、線に勢いがなく、切封の上に墨を引いた跡というより点を二点打ったような書き方になっている。(矢島氏)
「一色持家書」7月26日 新宿区立図書館『新宿区立図書館資料室紀要4 神楽坂界隈の変遷』1970年
③ [B] 関東管領の下にあった刑部少輔一色持家から、長い間の在陣の労を謝し、忠節をつくしたことに対する感謝状がある。これが何時のもので、何処で誰と闘つたものか明確を欠いている。(新宿区史)
③ [C] ④号文書と関連する文書で、一色持家が応永33年の武田信長征討における江戸憲重の在陣の労をねぎらい、その忠節を足利持氏に報告するという旨を伝えた文書。持家の注進により④号文書が発給されました。(武蔵野ふるさと歴史館)
③ [D] この年(1426)6月に、鎌倉公方足利持氏は、甲斐の武田信長を攻めるため一色特家を遣わした。この文書は、従軍した江戸憲重の忠節を、持家が持氏に注申すると約束したもの。(新宿区文化財総合調査報告書)
ID 18224の奥の右側から見てみると、プラットフォームとJRの線路があり、奥の中央には巨大な石垣と、その奥を歩く通行人たちがいて、白く輝いているのは「牛込見附公衆便所」です。 この石垣は江戸城の外郭門である牛込見附の1部です。ここで「見附」とは「防御のために城の入口に設ける四角形の空地(升形)がある門」です。石垣の手前は道路に沿って、植栽が並んでいます。 ID 18224の中央に牛込橋があり、道路は「早稲田通り」、左に行くと千代田区、右は新宿区です。道路標識は (歩行者通行止め)です。 写真手前の右端は飯田橋駅西口駅舎に続く階段。階段の脇にはエレベーターに続く通路があります。その左は石垣が2段になっていて、段差の部分に石塀と青白の石碑があります。 かつて石垣はツタに覆われ、上部には木が生えていました(ID 9810)。これらは綺麗に除去されています。千代田区は次のように説明しています。
ID 18225ではさらに左向きになって写真を撮っています。左端には緑色の囲いがあるのは、飯田橋駅から写真左側への新たな通路の公示のためでしょう。石垣の奥の2階建ての白い建物は「麹町警察署飯田橋駅前交番」です。最も左の奥は「日本基督教団 富士見町教会」で、わずかに「飯田橋サクラテラス」が見えています。 なお、現在の牛込見附について、側面には再びツタが生えてきています。